The battery acts as a "buffer" for the converter. If you did use the converter to power the systems in the trailer for an extended period of time, you may have put some pretty demanding 12 volt loads on it. Without the battery to help protect the converter during the power surges, you may have damaged the converter. I'd dig out your owner's manual, check all the troubleshooting guides contained in it and if you do find the converter is bad, replace it. Replacement is not terribly difficult, just do a search for "converter replacement" on here and you'll find some people who have posted their experiences.
To answer your question about the circuit breaker tripping even with the 12 VDC power panel disconnected, if the primary side of the transformer is shorted, then yes, the circuit breaker will trip even if there is no 12 volt output.
Good luck.
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John
2015 F250 6.7l 4x4
2014 Cougar X Lite 27RKS
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