Yup this is water heater anode sediment. You're lucky it made it through to the aerator, mine got stuck in the faucet valve and it had to be taken off and cleaned. (You may have some still stuck back there.)
If you find the cold water (and toilet) continually clog up but the hot water doesn't, you may have
this problem [LINK], which happens if your bathroom cold feed takeoff is immediately before your water heater. The thread is long but instructive. You probably need to clean your toilet intake screen now as well.
Switching from the magnesium anode to the aluminum slowed the problem way down but didn't eliminate it. At some point I will bite the bullet and install the Sharkbite check valve I bought way back when to keep the sediment from migrating back into the cold water line. Meanwhile, we learned that running the hot water first thing after setup (before the cold or toilet) keeps the sediment from backing into your cold fixtures, but we don't always remember.